This Bardylis as a force to reckoned ith. As ith the better documented Epaminon das, Bardylis seems to have been an able statesman, a great arrior and, above all, an effective organiser. Before Bardlyis, the Greeks seem to have vie ed the Illyrians as a leaderless, and therefore dangerous, nomadic folk, best left alone. Hammond Griffith , 6 and 5, treat the t o incidents in similar fashion. See also Hammond Vrani But Bardylis as bold and anted more than ust booty.
Not content simply to raid the borders of the Macedonian kingdom, he anted to control the Argeads, or at least to control Argead politics hence his taking Philip hostage and the various removals and reinstatements of Amyntas III.
To make this a reality meant taking the steps to build a professional army. This is ho Diodorus His idea in doing this as to get control of the Ionian Sea, in order that he might make the route to Epeiros safe and have there his o n cities hich could give haven to ships. Since the Illyrians ere at ar, he dispatched to them an allied force of t o thousand soldiers and five hundred suits of Greek armour.
The Illyrians distributed the suits of armour among their choicest arriors and incorporated the soldiers among their o n troops. But hen no one paid any attention to them, they first ravaged the country, and after that, hen the Molossians dre up against them, there follo ed a sharp battle in hich the Illyrians ere victorious and sle more than fifteen thousand Molossians. Here, one onders about the role 18 ahrnt See ahrnt As a later battle in ith Philip II de monstrates, experimentation of this sort permitted Bardylis to perfect a combined deploy ment of light cavalry, light infantry and heavy infantry, hich could only be countered ith a similarly organised and composed force see belo.
I ould suggest that the arrival of the Sicilians and their eapons initiated or at least accelerated this combined arms deve lopment in Illyrian military strategy. So tight as his control over the region that in Bardylis as able to force the Molossian king Arybbas, father of Olympias, to evacuate to Aetolia.
Because the Illyrians ere loaded do n ith Epeirote loot, they no longer had the tactical advantage of speed. As a result, the Illyrians ere soundly defeated by a Molossian army. See Heinrichs for a discussion of some early Arkadian experiments. The Illyrian victory of left the Macedonian army in ruins and the Macedonian kingdom in crisis, for not only as the Macedonian king lost but 4, of his aristocratic Companion Cavalrymen ent to Hades ith him. The result: a tatterdemalion army, demorali ed and unmotivated to take the field.
And so ith enemies on every side, even in his o n family, Philip addressed these issues. To increase the si e of both infantry and cavalry he took the important step of re cruiting from all property classes, providing farms to those ho had none and expanding the lands of those ho already possessed some property. He also used state resources to e uip these ne infantry and cavalrymen uniformly.
Once he as ready, and more importantly the ne Macedonian army as ready, Philip then faced Bardylis and his Illyrians. But hen Philip said that he indeed desired peace but ould not, ho ever, concur in that proposal unless the Illyrians should ithdra from all the Macedonian cities, the envoys returned 27 Anson , 43 To get the numbers he needed Philip as forced to innovate.
By creating ne noble Macedonians Philip immedia tely increased the si e of the cavalry to 10, 5, Companions and 5, lighter cavalry, perhaps 10 times the total number fielded by Perdikkas at his last fateful battle. Philip also created a ne type of infantry that ould have the same esprit de corps, the same close connection to the ing as the Companion Cavalry. To highlight his close connection to this ne infantry, Philip called them his Companion ootmen, the Pezhetairoi.
See Anson , 43 51 for further discussion. Plain Tales from the Hills: Illyrian Influences on Argead Military Development ithout having accomplished their purpose, and Bardylis, relying upon his previous victories and the gallant conduct of the Illyrians, came out to meet the enemy ith his army and he had ten thousand picked infantry soldiers and about five hundred cavalry.
And at first for a long hile the battle as evenly poised because of the exceeding gallantry displayed on both sides, and as many ere slain and still more ounded, the fortune of battle vacillated first one ay then the other, being constantly s ayed by the valorous deeds of the comba tants but later as the horsemen pressed on from the flank and rear and Philip ith the flo er of his troops fought ith true heroism, the mass of the Illyrians as com pelled to take hastily to flight transl.
Oldfather LCL, adapted. Carney , Molina Mar n , argues that this hole se uence of events from the uarrel to reconciliation is an historiographic invention. Alexander as not unblooded and inexperienced. By the time of the marriage feast uarrel Alexander had already proved his orth against both Illyrians and Thracians, and as Curtius 8. This strategy, used by Philip and his predecessors, had been a short term solution Bardylis had returned to Epeiros in immediately after the Spartans departed and Grabos had returned to Macedon soon after Parmenion returned to Pella in Alexander seem to have modified this existing strategy for the long term by adding the practice of the taking military hostages.
Conse uently, the Alexander expanded his resources and a potentially more stable peace as achieved. In the first year of his reign, hile Alexander as campaigning against the Thracians, not far from his first civic foundation, Alexandroupolis, he received ne s that leitos, son of Bardylis, had made an alliance ith Glaukias, the leader of another Illyrian group, the Taulantii. The plan as for leitos and Glaukias to invade Macedonia hile Alexander as distracted in Thrace.
Once Thrace as in order, ho ever, Alexander moved as uickly as he could to meet the Illyrians in their o n territory ith his ne Agrianian allies, a people confortable ith, and kno ledgeable about, mountain fighting. In the narro s of a place called Pellion, 32 Diod. See Green alt , Bos orth , 65 See Ho e a, 42, for the chronology of these events. Plain Tales from the Hills: Illyrian Influences on Argead Military Development here leitos the Illyrian had a fortified position, Alexander arrived ust in time to prohibit Glaukias and leitos from oining forces.
Unfortunately, Alexander as himself trapped bet een their armies, in a narro river valley. Perhaps no that he had Illyrian hostages in his army he did not fear them, or perhaps ith ne s that Thebes had revolted he no longer cared.
In any case, leitos and Glaukias disappeared and seem never to have troubled Alexander again. Throughout the Persian campaign, Alexander ill continue to refine these mountain fighting tactics: in Pisidia, in the agros Mountains at the Persian Gates,41 ith the Uxii, ith the Sogdians, and ith the Indians in the S at Valley.
After the death of Darius, Satibar anes and others had submitted to Alexander and ere pardoned. He ran his forces to 37 Arr. See Hammond and for further discussion. At the Persian Gates Alexander engages in all types of subterfuge, circumvallation and misdirection. See ahrnt for a discussion of the potential literary problems ith the surviving accounts. Arrian An. Atkinson , , Even in the East here Alexander fought against an unkno n enemy, in unkno n territory, his response did not differ significantly from ho he typically dealt ith resistance else here.
Conclusions The Argead monarchs had a long and symbiotic relationship ith the Illyrians, though perhaps they might not have characterised it in those terms.
Such so ourns ould have allo ed these young men to become ell ac uainted ith Illyrian customs, habits and above all military strategies and techni ues. Perhaps this process of student becoming master is ust a characteristic of being Argead learn from your enemy and turn his tools against him.
See Ho e, for further discussion. Borza, Claremont, 17 Themes and Issues, London. Ho e et al. Bos orth, A. D Ogden, D. Condition: Good. Plain Tales from the Hills, by Rudyard Kipling and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at Image 10 of Plain tales from the hills, A Libnetry of Con. Plain tales from the hills Stewart, J. Kipling, 19, note Livingston, F. Kipling, 25, note Also available in digital form. LC copy with call number PZ3.
K Pl 1c not examined vj23 Collector's original folder for copy. But as the age of the European empires recedes, he is recognised as an incomparable, if controversial, interpreter of how empire was experienced.
That, and an increasing recognition of his extraordinary narrative gifts, make him a force to be reckoned with. About the Book Originally written for the Lahore Civil and Military Gazette, the stories were intended for a provincial readership familiar with the pleasures and miseries of colonial life. For the subsequent English edition, Kipling revised the tales so as to recreate as vividly as possible the sights and smells of India for those at home.
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