Pathogenicity of west nile virus in chickens

Komar N. West Nile viral encephalitis. Rev Sci Tech. Evaluation of domestic pigeons as sentinels for detecting arbovirus activity in southern California. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Comparison of chickens and pheasants as sentinels for eastern equine encephalitis and St.

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Pathogenicity of West Nile virus in chickens. Avian Dis. Pathogenicity of West Nile virus for turkeys. Additionally, attention must be brought to the fact that Gr not only differs from both Aus and Hun as of the residue at position of NS3, but also at the level of residues located at positions of NS2b and 14, 49 and of NS4b Table 1. Mutational analyses of NS2b, the co-factor of the NS3 protease and a protein implicated in the formation of viral replication complexes [ 50 — 52 ], are not described in the literature.

However, such studies are available for NS4b. Remarkably, NS4b has a highly conserved N-terminal motif residues 35 through 60 among Flaviviruses and a central hydrophobic region residues 95 through Substitutions brought simultaneously in the N-terminal domain and the central hydrophobic region of NS4b Pro38Gly and ThrIle , or occurring in the central hydrophobic region alone CysSer of a clone of NY99, correlated with an attenuated neuroinvasive phenotype in mice and a small plaque variant [ 56 , 57 ].

One could then speculate that at least one or both of the two NS4b Thr49Ala and NS4b ValMet substitutions, which occurred within Gr strain in respectively the N-terminal and central hydrophobic region, could have modified the pathogenicity of Gr when compared to Hun and Aus, despite the presence of the NS3 Pro genotype.

However, this hypothesis demands extensive experimental studies in various species to be evaluated. We chose in this study to use SPF chickens as an infection model as in the particular context of West Nile disease, they belong to a taxon Aves that represents the natural reservoir of the virus. Moreover, SPF chickens as experimental animals present many advantages over other vertebrates as they are easy to breed, genetically homogeneous, and free from maternally-derived antibodies and from specific pathogens and other underlying diseases [ 58 — 60 ].

Finally, we have shown in a previous study that SPF chickens aged 1 day at the time of experimental inoculation not only represent a sensitive avian model for WNV infection, but also allow the pathotyping of epidemiologically varying WNV strains [ 37 ]. In this study, we sought to demonstrate the extent to which the presence of a proline residue at position of the viral NS3 helicase constitutes a determinant of virulence for given European lineage 2 isolates with amino-acid sequences differing in more than one location.

On the one hand, it appeared that the presence of a proline residue at position of the NS3 of the studied strains is not a necessary or sufficient determinant of virulence for SPF chickens. We indeed showed in the SPF chicken model that the two tested lineage 2 WNV strains bearing a Histidine at position of the NS3, namely Hun and Aus, elicited higher and longer-lasting viremias than the Gr strain bearing a Proline at position of NS3. Moreover, our finding that the Gr strain was the least virulent in the SPF chickens model despite its high virulence for humans highlighted the predictability of this avian model for pathogenicity in birds specifically, as Greek lineage 2 WNV strains did not associate so far with notable bird mortalities in the field.

This makes the SPF chicken model a promising surrogate for experimental inoculations in wild birds. MD supervised the experimental inoculations and samplings, carried out the virological and serological assays, analyzed the data and drafted the manuscript.

TvdB provided guidance and suggestions for the experimental planning. SL provided WNV strains and critically reviewed the manuscript. BL provided guidance for the experimental planning and critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgments are also due to Christophe Delgrange and Marc Vandenbroek for their involvement in animal care and handling. Maha Dridi, Email: moc. Thierry Van Den Berg, Email: eb. Sylvie Lecollinet, Email: rf. Benedicte Lambrecht, Email: eb.

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Dridi M 1 ,. Van Den Berg T 1 ,. Lecollinet S 2 ,. Lambrecht B 1. Affiliations 3 authors 1. Share this article Share with email Share with twitter Share with linkedin Share with facebook. Free full text. Vet Res. Published online Oct PMID: Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Corresponding author. Received Apr 24; Accepted Sep This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.

Go to:. Chickens After hatching, SPF white Leghorn chickens provided by Lohmann Valo Cuxhaven, Germany were kept in biosecurity level 3 BSL-3 isolators and animal experiments were conducted under the authorization and supervision of the Biosafety and Bioethics Committees at the Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Institute, following National and European regulations procedure agreement no Virological characterization SPF chickens were inoculated subcutaneously at the age of 1 day with a dose of 10 3 TCID 50 of Hun, Aus or Gr and experimental follow-up was carried out for 14 dpi.

Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Serological characterization The three lineage 2 WNV strains induced seroconversion in the inoculated chicks Figure 2. Figure 2. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. West Nile virus and its emergence in the United States of America. West Nile fever—a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe.

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Figure 2. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Contributor Information Maha Dridi, Email: moc. References 1. West Nile virus and its emergence in the United States of America. West Nile fever—a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. Pfeffer M, Dobler G. Emergence of zoonotic arboviruses by animal trade and migration. Parasit Vectors. Arch Virol — [ PubMed ]. Epidemiology of West Nile in Europe and in the mediterranean basin.

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